Control system

This is a tactical real time LAN used for an aviation related information management system.This system helps to mange the aircraft's launch and recovery operations.This network extending to aviation related spaces of the carrier facilitates strike operation planners with necessary details about aircraft availability and air craft under maintenance and repair among others.

Aviation Weapons Information Management Systems:

This is adata management system to collect,distribute and display information used to manage weapons inventory in a carrier.

Mission Planning Systems

Air operations are planned taking a large number of inputs from various departments and work spaces of the carrier.The following systems help in that planning.

Integrated Shipboard Information System:

It is a data processing and display system.It integrates all crucial information like tactical,navigational,air operations and meteorological related data and displays these in a single usable format.To the captain of the ship,entire data regarding the carrier is displayed.Down the hierarchy,only data relevant to a particular function is displayed at various work centers.

In the fifth and concluding part we will discuss command amd control operations as well as cruise control operations.

Precision Approach Landing System:

PALS is really a pal for naval pilots it has three modes instrumented carrier landing system mode automatic carrier landing system mode and talk down mode.
ICES MODE:For an aircraft to land it has to maintain a constant recommended speed while losing altitude gradually until touchdown on the runway how it loses altitude with respects to the runway grounds the glider also varies accordingly and is never constant so a mere pitch up of the flight deck is drastic for the landing aircraft pilot of the aircraft must be made aware of this changing glide slope this is cone through a system called lcls centre on radar system called an spn41.
Through technically not an exact radar system an spam engages in one way transmission to the landing aircraft in bandeau it has a set of radars a centre line unit and a flight deck unit the former is situated beneath the cent reline of the runway and the latter is situated slightly high on the flight deck using sector scanning bitchy units acquire and track the approaching aircraft the fight deck init and centre line unit respectively measure the aircraft vertical and horizontal deviation for the glide slope then an spn broadcast nth ye positional difference in pulse mode in bandeau in real time.
A system called aircraft approach control system presents in the aircraft with respect to the glide scope from these signals.It them covers these signals as a set of horizontal and vertical lines on the pilot HUD.

The vertical line indicates the potion of the aircraft with respect to the center line of the runway it appears in the direction that the aircraft has to move so as to align with the center line of the runway.the horizontal line indites how much the aircraft must gain or lose altitude to fit in the glide slope.
When these two lines form a cross hair the aircraft can be perfectly aligned with the glide slope can gently nudge his controls to stay in the pitching glide slope until touchdown.
Talk down mode in this mode the pilot is instituted by landing signal offers they work form an lso console situated at the edge of the flight deck.this console gathers all flight data of the approaching aircraft from many systems then lso console computers the required flight path for landing monitors the flight apathy of aircraft and the difference that the pilot has to covet.It takes inputs from the integrated launches and recovery television system radar and wind measurement system.
This is camera and television system with all weather capability in simple words its camera can video graph both during day and night with equal clarity karts has remotely operated cameras at many places on the flight deck these camera video graph the approaching aircraft along with its relative position with the horizon.horizontals the adds glide slope cross hairs parameters and other data to that imagery the resultant composite video is displayed at the lso console catch and other importance centers like CDC the aircraft alignment with respect to the horizon indicates the lso whether the aircraft should clump up or descend so as to capture the glide slope of the pitching flight deck.
Indicates the two scenarios of an aircraft approaching for landing the scale like symbol on the left indicates acceptable limits for the aircraft in the vertical axis the dash symbol near this scale indicates the position of the aircraft the aircraft has to be ideally at the center of the crosshatch ths dad indicates the actual position of the aircraft with respect to the glide slopes if the aircraft is not not within this envelope it is waved off for another approach these symbols are generated by ilrts and fed to the lso console.

Anspn this is known as a range rate radar it detects approaching aircraft tackers it and calculated its speed it then provides this data to the lso console supplied with the accurate information on the speed of the approaching aircraft lsos can wave off the aircraft at tempting to land at an unsafe speed.
Wind measurement system this is nothing but a traditional wind measuring system based on an anemometer.It is used to measure headwind tailwind and crosswind speeds these winds can terribly affects the aircraft flight by shifting the aircraft.Headwinds resists flight tail winds push the aircraft forward and crosswinds laterally move the aircraft out of glide slope. These.These winds are troublesome.Data from the system is fed to the lsls who in tum intimate the same to the pilot the pilot then files in a way offsetting the effect of these winds.
Based on these inputs lsos communicate with the approaching pilot who constantly adjusts air craft position based on the voice commands given by lsos.
ACLS mode imagine that a pilot is returning to the carrier from a battel filed which is located 500km away after bombing enemy targets and evading enemy air defense missiles.On the way back he or she had to intensely fight with enemy fighter aircraft now on returning to the carrer  the pilot has to land his aircraft under pitch black conditions.the pilots physical state is not as alert as it was when he or she left for the mission the intense adrenalin rush has tried the pilot making landing of the aircraft even more difficult.Any one in the situation would dream of a system that lands the aircraft automatically without any inputs.ACLS is that dream system.
Parts of this system exists in both the carrier and the aircraft only acls equipped aircraft can be landed automatically on a carrier basically in an acls autopilot is the aircraft is controlled by the aircraft is tracked through band tracking rada span in the carrier,Instructions for the autopilot are transmitted to the aircraft.There are two radars guiding each aircraft.
The sequence starts from a point called acquisition window during approach of the aircraft.At this point the tracking radar acquires the aircraft and starts tracking it.At this point the pilot is indicated through cockpit indicators that tha aircraft is being acquired by acls.the pilot then puts the aircraft under autopilot in landing mode.The tracking radar uses a conical scan antenna and continuously interrogates a radar beacon presents in the aircraft.This beacon responds in x band for interrogation of the tracking radar.Replies of the beacon are continuously plotted on the acls computer to derive the aircraft location with respect to the glide slope.
Instruction to the autopilot are transmitted in real time thorough a uhf data link. Autopilot has a component called approach power compensatory,which increases or decreases the engines power to vary the altitude according to the glide slopes requirement.the pilot has warning lights that give indications to abort landing and try for another attempt.Similarly at any point of time,the pilot can disengage from autopilot by applying pressure on the control stick to take control of the aircraft.
The irony is that pilots do not use this mode!They say that they do not want a computer to land their aircraft.They instead use the instrumented mode and talk down mode so this mode only serve as a fallback option during haze and fog.

Landing the moral challenge

For any pilot landing his aircraft smoothly is a challenge but normal pilots come nowhere near their naval counterparts naval pilots have to land their aircraft on a moving aircraft carrier which is the supreme challenge for a pilot airman ship because of the landing procedure so naval pilots are considers a special breed among pilots.
Normally an aircraft after landing runs over the runway sheds off the enormous momentum slows down and stops but the flight deck of a carrier is not even one tenth the length of a runway. So.So the air craft has a to be arrested and trapped to stop its momentum all aircraft belonging to carrier have a hook known as a tail hook beneath their tails during landing pilots touch the runway such that the hook snags a thick arresting cable presents on the flight deck.The pilots has an error margin of just centimeters if missed the pilot increasing powder takes off and makes another attempt.
Now comes the next aspect of the challenge the runway is not only short but also unstable it pitches up down and rolls left right the pilots has to land guessing hoe the running will moves and then land accordingly the pilot has to guess that is just fractions of a sec during landing the  pilot first aligns the aircraft to the cent reline of the runway from an altitude and gradually seventeen at a constant speed in a shallow angle it is called approach in the meantime if the flight deck pinches up the pilot nudges the throttle to increases speed and hence altitude and vice verse similarly if the carrier yaws the pilots adjusts the aircraft accordingly and may here to make more than   such adjustments during the approach.

Further landing at night time on a very short runway of a minimally lit carrier which is pitching rolling yawing and sliding is nerve shattering and a mortal challenges an error caused due to the pilots judgement may cost not only hos or her life but many other lives and also many aircraft.
Previous generations of pilots had only two optical clues to align the aircraft with respect to tge carrier and then land safely.The first was called Fresnel lens optical landing system for vertical positioning of the aircraft the second was called center line lights for horizontal positioning of the aircraft but modern day pilots have an electronic and called precision approach landing system.

Air traffic control

Since both the carrier and aircraft are moving any traffic control is much more complex and elaborate than their land based counterparts.All these operations are controlled from a command center called carrier air traffic control center This command center is situated on the top most story called is situated on the top most store called priory above the flight deck of a carrier.All aviation related data like aircraft flight plans and approaching air craft status are assembled at this center for air operations to be monitored and controlled.
For these control operations many radar systems play as crucial role outbound aircraft are allotted a 3D air corridor through which these leave without interfering with incoming aircraft incoming aircraft from various locations are first marshalled to another air corridor and speed to fly in a pattern around the csg.
Depending on the status of the aircraft whether low on fuel or hit by enemy but in a flexible conditions or having technical snag these are assigned priorities as incoming aircraft of high priority keep landing aircraft flying around the csg are instructed to move to hold pattern around the carrier as aircraft keep landing a landing sequence is formed where aircraft trail behind each other by kilometres.

Once aircraft are lined for landing these are transferred to approach and landing controlled that help the pilots in landing the aircraft during high intensity air operations aircraft come and land every 30sec for this a radar called marshalling radar is used which is the air traffic control radar.
Mars haling radar  The marshalling radar an spam 43 is a 2d surveillance a band radar dedicated for air traffic control it is used for vectoring carrier bound it is used for vectoring carrier bound air craft into final approached for landing it also acts as a back up short range air search radar for air defense operations it provides azimuth and range of detected aircraft form 80.5km to a minimum range of 229m at altitudes from radar horizon to 9144m
The radar has an inbuilt identify pries or foe system.the radar display console displays all echoes in the area of responsibly in the form of blips.But how can individual aircraft be set apart from these blips for this a system called direct altitude and identify readout is used to identify the aircraft.
DAIR. Dalr is a highly automatic beacon and radar tracking system.it is used for identifying incoming aircraft and operates as a sort of back end for marshaling operations whereas the radar operates as the front end every american combat aircraft has a transponder this transponder is queries by dare through span 4 radar.

These transponder give their identifying and altitude of the aircraft to dare through an span radar.then dare superimposes this data as alpha numerals over the blips of corresponding aircraft appearance on display consoles so mere anonymous blips are replaced but names and their altitudes this system is also capable of processing and superimposing flight plans geographic reference points and map lines for enhancing mission planning.
Marshal ling radar dare combo is a high precision system enabling controllers to track every aircraft effectiveness their consoles air traffic controlled can interact with dare for tracking a particular aircraft flight then they give in instructions for the pilot through separate communication channels that exists between air traffic controllers and pilots they line up aircraft in a ques for launching and then transfer the control to the landing and then transfer the control to the landing controllers.
In catch there are many personnel each handling a specific controlling and mini tiring task dealing with outboard aircraft incoming aircraft landing aircraft civilian and neut art flights underfunded blips and the like.

Navigation

In the sea even gigantic carrier appear smaller then a dot for their aircraft flying at heights greater than 10 km.At those heights visually sighting the carrier becomes impossible.To retrieve the launched aircraft the carrier must reveal its postulation to the  its posturing to the incoming aircraft.The carrier does nit this through a system called Tactical air navigation.

Chant through a ta can transponder the carrier continuously relays its identify mi mores code at a particular frequency.Through appropriate antenna arrangement it maintains a carotid radiation pattern for this transmission.Aircraft can revolve these signals by tuning their Tara receivers.

These receivers compare aircraft bearing with the direction of the signal reception and give the bearing of the carrier to the pilot.The ta can receiver also gives the slant range,known as crow flight distance of the carrier.

For this aircraft ta can receiver interrogates the carrier ta can transponder with the carrier interrogate pulse.The tactician transponder receives that and after a delay of 50 sends a reply signal aircraft ta can receiver receives this replay.Then by knowing the time at which the receiver had sent the interrogating pulse and the time it receives the replay it calculated the round trio distance time this time minus the 50 delay is the actual round trip distance time with the speed of the radio waves known range is calculated which is the crow flight distance.

Typically a ta can transponder of a carrier can provides navigational data to approximately 100 craft simultaneously interrogating at a time.With ta can an aircraft can accurately navigate to the carrier diction and range are displayed in aircraft moving map display as way points and also as pointers in the pilots head up display .

The next task is to control the movements of outboard and in bounded aircraft.Appropriate commands and support are given to inbound air craft for landing this is done by carrier air traffic control which is generally called amphibious air traffic control.

Air Operations

Through air operations also fall under strike warfare these are specialized operations of a carrier and indenture carrier strike group.Air operations from carrier is highly complex and highly dangerous.To support air operation a myriad of electronic systems are installed in the carrier.

A combatant air craft is launched from the carrier through a system called catapult which is driven by steam.Since air craft on a carrier do not have sufficient distance to run and take off the catapult proves very useful.An aircraft is placed on shuttle of the catapult and launched air craft is air borne in just two seconds Steam pressure that has to be maintained is controlled through electronic systems mach similar to industrial systems.

The Catapult launches aircraft in air and the the aircraft using its full engine power ascends to an altitude.After that it leaves for its area of responsibility Ensuing combat actions are out of purview of this article how ever the return leg is covered here.

For Retrieving and receiving an aircraft on the carrier orthographic of electronic systems support the eventual landing on the carrier.But before landing aircraft must navigate towards the carrier.